Tugas Softskill

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1. Alasan Perlunya Konvergensi ke IFRS?

Pengertian konvergensi IFRS yang digunakan merupakan awal untuk memahami apakah penyimpangan dari PSAK harus diatur dalam standar akuntansi keuangan. Pendapat yang memahami konvergensi IFRS adalah full adoption menyatakan Indonesia harus mengadopsi penuh seluruh ketentuan dalam IFRS, termasuk penyimpangan dari IFRSs sebagaimana yang diatur dalam IAS 1 (2009): Presentation of Financial Statements paragraf 19-24.

Pengertian konvergensi IFRS sebagai adopsi penuh sejalan dengan pengertian yang diinginkan oleh IASB. Tujuan akhir dari konvergensi IFRS adalah PSAK sama dengan IFRS tanpa adanya modifikasi sedikitpun. Di sisi lain, tanpa perlu mendefinisikan konvergensi IFRS itu sendiri, berdasarkan pengalaman konvergensi beberapa IFRS yang sudah dilakukan di Indonesia tidak dilakukan secara full adoption. Misalnya, ketika IAS 17 diadopsi menjadi PSAK 30 (Revisi 2007): Sewa mengatur leasing tanah berbeda dengan IAS 17.

Sistem kepengurusan perusahaan di Indonesia yang memiliki dewan direksi dan dewan komisaris (dual board system) berpengaruh terhadap penentuan kapan peristiwa setelah tanggal neraca, sebagai contoh lain dari perbedaan antara PSAK dengan IFRS. Indonesia melalui Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (DSAK) – Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia (IAI) sedang melakukan proses konvergensi IFRS dengan target penyelesaian tahun 2012. Sepanjang tahun 2009, DSAK-IAI sudah mengesahkan 10 PSAK terbaru, 5 ISAK, dan mencabut 9 PSAK berbasis industri dan mencabut 1 ISAK.

  1. IFRS menekankan pada principle base dibandingkan rule base.
  2. Mengurangi peran dari badan otoritas dan panduan terbatas pada industri-industri spesifik.
  3. Pendekatan terbesar pada subtansi atas transaksi dan evaluasi dimana merefleksikan realitas ekonomi yang ada.
  4. Peningkatan daya banding laporan keuangan dan memberikan informasi yang berkualitas di pasar modal internasional
  5. Menghilangkan hambatan arus modal internasional dengan mengurangi perbedaan dalam ketentuan pelaporan keuangan.
  6. Mengurangi biaya pelaporan keuangan bagi perusahaan multinasional dan biaya untuk analisis keuangan bagi para analis.
  7. Meningkatkan kualitas pelaporan keuangan menuju “best practise”.
Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam impementasi dan adopsi IFRS :
  • Translasi Standar Internasional
  • Ketidaksesuaian Standar Internasional dengan Hukum Nasional
  • Struktur dan Kompleksitas Standar Internasional
  • Frekuensi Perubahan dan Kompleksitas Standar Internasional Seperti contoh IFRS menekankan pada fair value dan meninggalkan historical value.
Sasaran Konvergensi IFRS tahun 2012, yaitu merevisi PSAK agar secara material sesuai dengan IFRS versi 1 Januari 2009 yang berlaku efektif tahun 2011/2012, Konvergensi IFRS di Indonesia dilakukan secara bertahap. Adapun manfaat yang diperoleh dari konvergensi IFRS adalah memudahkan pemahaman atas laporan keuangan dengan penggunaan SAK yang dikenal secara internasional, meningkatkan arus investasi global melalui transparansi, menurunkan biaya modal dengan membuka peluang fund raising melalui pasar modal secara global, menciptakan efisiensi penyusunan laporan keuangan.

Berikut roadmap yang dilakukan DSAK menuju konvergensi IFRS 2012:
  • Tahap adopsi (2008-2010); Adopsi seluruh IFRS ke PSAK, persiapan infrastruktur yang diperlukan, evaluasi dan kelola dampak adopsi terhadap PSAK yang berlaku.
  • Tahap persiapan akhir (2011); Penyelesaian persiapan infrastruktur yang diperlukan, penerapan secara bertahap beberapa PSAK berbasis IFRS.
  • Tahap implementasi (2012); Penerapan PSAK berbasis IFRS secara bertahap, Evaluasi dampak penerapan PSAK secara komprehensif. Memang tidak mudah bagi DSAK dalam melakukan konvergensi ini. Proses konvergensi dilakukan secara bertahap karena ada proses yang harus didiskusikan dengan beberapa instansi dan disesuaikan dengan kondisi negara masing-masing. Contoh halnya yang berkaitan dengan peraturan perpajakan, dan policy pemerintah yang sudah berjalan.
Kesimpulan dari penulisan ini adalah kita tidak dapat menolak arus globalisasi. Mau tidak mau dan cepat atau lambat kita harus segera mengejar target konvergensi IFRS tersebut. Bagaimanapun juga agar negara kita dapat disetarakan dalam kegiatan perekonomian internasional, begitupun dalam pembuatan laporan keuangan dapat diakui secara internasional. Semakin derasnya arus investasi asing di Indonesia, tentunya kita tidak ingin hanya jadi penonton di negara sendiri. Kita harus siap bersaing dengan tenaga asing, khususnya akuntan luar negeri yang akan berdatangan sehubungan akan tingginya permintaan akuntan berstandar internasional.

2. Bandingkan antara cost principle dengan fair value accounting.


Sekarang bukan waktu yang baik bagi akuntansi publik. Kegagalan Enron menyebabkan adanya skeptivisme terhadap cara perusahaan menyiapkan laporan keuangan dan bagaimana auditor menguji reliabilitas dari laporan keuangan tersebut. Anderson sebaga kantor akuntan publik yang mengaudit Enron harus bertanggung jawab dan telah terbukti bersalah menyebabkan bangkrutnya perusahaan tersebut. Faktanya, manipulasi akuntansi sekarang terlihat biasa bahwa banyak orang setuju dengan penelitian Stewart (pada artikel sebelumnya) yang menyatakan bahwa hampir setiap perusahaan membelokkan peraturan akuntansi untuk meratakan laba dan memenuhi ekspektasi analis.

Dalam usaha untuk mengatasi pelanggaran akuntansi dan mengembalikan kredibilitas akuntan publik, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 membentuk Public Company Accounting Oversight Board yang berwenang menentukan peraturan baru atas akuntan publik independen yang mengaudit perusahaan yang telah mempublik. Stewart lebih menyalahkan sistem akuntansi daripada manajer perusahaan atau auditor.

Sumber dari segala malpraktek adalah akuntansi terlalu jauh dari nilai; tidak lagi menghitung yang seharusnya dihitung. Publik membutuhkan laba yang memberikan arah yang handal untuk nilai intrinsik. Stewart menawarkan perubahan mendasar pada misi akuntan yaitu pengukuran dan pelaporan laba ekonomik (economic profit). Walaupun demikian, “economic profit” yang dimaksud oleh Stewart bukanlah definisi menurut ahli ekonomi.

Sir John Hicks, mendefinisikan laba ekonomi adalah perbedaan antara nilai sekarang aset dikurangi kewajiban pada awal dan akhir perioda, disesuaikan dengan tambahan investasi oleh atau pengeluaran kepada pemilik selama perioda tersebut. Sedangkan konsep economic profit menurt Stewart adalah suatu aliran yang berkelanjutan (sustainable flow) atau yang biasa disebut sebagai Economic Value Added (EVA). Stewart mengajukan beberapa reformasi penting yang harus dimasukkan ke GAAP. Mungkin yang paling penting, Stewart memisahkan untung dan rugi atas dana pensiun dari biaya pensiun tahunan. Selain itu, menyajikan oportunity cost of employee stock option sebagai biaya.

Tapi penulis juga tidak setuju dengan reformasi secara komprehensif atas GAAP Accounting. Penulis setuju bahwa angka-angka dalam GAAP accounting memiliki keterbatasan bagi investor yang ingin mengetahui nilai ekonomik dari perusahaan atau untuk manajer yang berusaha untuk berinvestasi akan meningkatkan nilai dan keputusan operasi. Meskipun Penulis menolak sebagian besar usulan stewart, penulis menyarankan bahwa banyak perusahaan akan lebih bernilai jika GAAP tradisional dilengkapi informasi tambahan atas laba ekonomik (akan kelihatan lebih cantik) seperti definisi stewart.

Dalam hal bahwa sebuah perusahaan memiliki masalah kredit dalam ekonomi bermasalah, penggunaan akuntansi nilai wajar bisa menguntungkan mereka.Pada saat yang sama jika ekonomi stabil dan nilai dari segala sesuatu secara signifikan turun, ini akan menjadi masalah lain. Penggunaan nilai wajar secara drastis dapat membantu perusahaan mendapatkan disetujui untuk pinjaman, namun, jika perusahaan melakukan mengerikan dan perlu pinjaman untuk bertahan hidup, menggembungkan nilai asetnya dapat membantu mereka mendapatkan bantuan keuangan yang mereka butuhkan tetapi tidak dapat membantu bisnis menghasilkan keuntungan.

Dalam hal ini, perusahaan mungkin lebih baik tidak mengambil pinjaman, tetapi menyadari bahwa mereka tidak dapat bertahan hidup.

Dalam pasar volatile dengan fluktuasi harga yang tidak stabil, nilai wajar mungkin tidak seperti ide yang baik.Misalkan perusahaan ini adalah untuk menghargai aset mereka dengan nilai pasar saat ini dan menerima pinjaman karena itu. Apa yang terjadi ketika perusahaan default pada pinjaman mereka dan pada saat yang sama pasar crash menyebabkan semua aset perusahaan untuk penurunan nilai. Apakah ini tidak menjadi masalah bagi bank.

Ketika nilai suatu perusahaan dalam terdiri dari aset yang dinilai berdasarkan nilai pasar saat ini mereka bukan apa yang mereka bayar untuk mereka, jelas bahwa perbedaan adalah materi. Nilai wajar dapat membantu hanya sebanyak itu bisa terluka. Hal ini sangat tergantung pada jenis aset yang dinilai dan apakah orang tahu bagaimana menggunakannya. FASB mungkin harus menunda membuat aturan baru sampai mereka bisa datang dengan semacam pedoman sehingga orang mengerti kapan dan di mana untuk menggunakannya. Ketika nilai aset sebesar biaya perolehan, penyusutan tampaknya menjadi konsep sederhana.

Jika perusahaan mulai menilai semua aset mereka pada nilai wajar, ini kemungkinan besar akan membuat masalah dengan penyusutan serta apresiasi aset. Sama seperti perusahaan ingin memanfaatkan hilangnya nilai aset, mereka ingin membayar pajak atas keuntungan yang diperoleh dari beberapa aset menghargai bahwa mereka biasanya tidak akan harus dilakukan jika pelaporan menurut nilai historis? Nilai historis dan nilai wajar keduanya telah sekitar untuk waktu yang lama. Apakah atau tidak untuk beralih permanen pada nilai wajar adalah sebuah keputusan penting untuk FASB untuk membuat. Semua sudut perlu ditutupi ketika mempertimbangkan saklar ini.

Soal :
1. Badan Pembuat Standar Akuntansi dan produk-produknya. Jelaskan!
2. Sebutkan Otoritas Pasar Modal di berbagai negara!
3. Jelaskan Perkembangan Akuntansi!

Jawab :
1. Badan Pembuat Standar Akuntansi dan produk-produknya. Jelaskan!

  • Cina badan pembuat standar akuntansinya adalah Kementrian Keuangan yang diawasi Dewan Negara. Yang bertugas melakukan pengawasan dan penegakan aturan standar akuntansi keuangan yaitu Komite Standar Akuntansi Cina (China Accounting Standards Committee – CASC).
  • Meksiko: Lembaga pembuat standar akuntansi nasionalnya yaitu Institut Akuntan Publik Meksiko (Instituto Mexicano de Contadores Publicos). Yang bertugas melakukan pengawasan dan penegakan aturan standar akuntansi keuangan yaitu standar akuntansi yang dikembangkan oleh Komisi Prinsip Akuntansi dibawah institusi tersebut, sedangakan standar auditing merupakan tanggung jawab Komisi Prosedur dan Standar Auditing.
  • Indonesia badan pembuat standar akuntansi IAI produknya SAK
  • Amerika badan pembuat standar akuntansi FSAB (Dewan Pembuat Standar Akuntansi di Amerika) produknya United State Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( US GAAP)
  • Untuk kawasan eropa IASB (International Accounting Standard Board) IASB adalah sebuah lembaga pembuat standar akuntansi untuk negara-negara di kawasan Eropa. Standar yang dibuat oleh IASB, saat itu (sebelum tahun 1990) belum diminati oleh dunia Hal ini karena perkembangan ekonomi Amerika masih dijadikan sebagai patokan perkembangan bisnis dunia. Produknya adalah IAS yang kemudian bermetamorfosis menjadi IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standard).
  • Taiwan badan pembuat standar akuntansi Komite Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (Financial Accounting Standards Committee- FASC) dari Lembaga Pengembangan dan Penelitian Akuntansi (Accounting Research and Development Foundation-ARDF).
2. Sebutkan Otoritas Pasar Modal di berbagai negara!
  • Indonesia otoritas pasar modalnya adalah BAPEPAM
  • Amerika otoritas pasar modalnya adalah Stock Exchange Commite
  • Perancis otoritas pasar modalnya adalah AMF. Badan di Prancis yang mirip Komisi Pasar Modal AS, yaitu AMF, memiliki peranan yang penting namun terbatas. AMF mengawasi pasar penerbitan baru dan kegiatan operasi bursa efekregional dan nasional. AMF juga memiliki kekuasaan untuk menegluarkan aturan pelaporan dan pengungkapan tambahan bagi perusahaan emiten
  • Dinegara eropa otoritas pasar modalnya adalah ESMA
  • Singapura otoritas pasar modalnya adalah Monetary Authority of Singapore
3. Jelaskan Perkembangan Akuntansi!

SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN AKUNTANSI Perkembangan Akuntansi di Dunia Perkembangan akuntansi sangat erat kaitannya dengan perkembangan dunia usaha. Akuntansi dimulai sejak manusia mengenal hitungan uang dan melakukan pencatatan hitungan itu. Pada pertengahan abad ke-14, pedagang-pedagang di Genoa sering membuat catatan harta yang dibawa sewaktu berangkat berlayar dan harta yang ada pada waktu akhir pelayarannya. Kemudian membandingkan hasilnya untuk menghitung laba atau rugi dari kegiatan perdagangannya.
Akuntansi mulai dikenal sebagai suatu ilmu baru pada saat Lucas Paciolo mengarang buku yang berjudul Summa de Arithmetica, Geometrica, Proportioni et Proportionalita, dimana dalam buku itu ada beberapa bagian yang membahas tentang perhitungan keuagan bagi para pengusaha. Oleh karena itu, Lucas Paciolo dikenal sebagai Bapak Akuntansi.
Pada akhir abad ke-15 peraan Romawi sebagai pusat perdagangan mulai berkurang dan berpindah ke negara-negara jalur perdagangan baru seperti Spanyol, Portugis, Belanda dan Inggris. Sedangkan pada abad ke-19 berkembang revolusi industri di daratan Eropa. Perubahan teknologi industri ini berdampak pula pada perkembangan ilmu akuntansi dan muncul konsep penyusutan/depresiasi (akan dijelaskan pada bab berikutnya). Penemuan benua Amerika menyebabkan para pengusaha Eropa berpindah ke Amerika. Dan pada akhir abad ke-19 berkembang perusahaan-perusahaan besar di Amerika. Hal tersebut turut pula mengembangkan konsep akuntansi. Dan pada tahun 1930 diadakan pembahasan untuk pertama kalinya antara New York Stock Exchange dengan American Institute of Certified Public.

Accountant untuk menetapkan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi perkembangan akuntansi di Indonesia
a) masa penjajahan Belanda akuntansi mulai diterapkan di Indonesia sejak tahun 1642. Tetapi jejak yag jelas baru diketahui pada pembukuan Amphioen Societeyt yang berdiri di Jakarta tahun 1747. Akhir tahun 1870-an, seiring berkembangnya perusahaan-perusahaan baru di Indonesia, ditemukanlah suatu metode pembukuan baru yang lebih efisien dari sebelumnya. Tahun 1907 diperkenalka teknik auditing (pemeriksaaan) yaitu teknik untuk mengontrol pembukuan perusahaan. Mulai saat itulah muncul kantor-kantor akuntan di Indonesia. Pada masa penjajahan Belanda ini tidak bayak orang Indonesia yang bekerja sebagai akuntan. Mereka yang bekerja di bidang akuntansi hanya sebagai tenaga pelaksana.
b) masa penjajahan Jepang pada masa ini Indonesia sangat kekurangan tenaga di bidang akuntansi karena jabatan-jabatan tersebut kosong pasca Indonesia ditinggalkan Belanda. Untuk mengisi kekosongan itu didirikan kursus-kursus akuntansi bagi orang-orang Indonesia.
c) masa setelah kemerdekaan Pada masa ini Indonesia masih tetap kekurangan tenaga di bidang akuntansi. Pada tahun 1947 hanya ada seorang akuntan Indonesia yaitu Prof. Dr. Aboetari. Lalu didirikanlah kursus-kursus untuk mendidik tenaga di bidang akuntansi bagi orang-orang Indonesia. Disamping itu, pemerintah mulai mengirim putra-putrinya ke luar negeri untuk memperdalam ilmu akuntansi. Sedangkan di dalam negeri ilmu ini mulai dirintis dengan dibukanya jurusan akuntansi di perguruan-perguruan tinggi seperti di Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Pajajaran, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Universitas Sumatra Utara, Universitas Airlangga, dan Institute Ilmu Keuangan. Pada tanggal 23 Desember 1957 berdiri organisasi profesi akuntan yang diberi nama Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia (IAI). Profesi di bidang akuntansi mulai berkembang dengan pesat sejak tahun 1967 yaitu ketika dikeluarkannya Undang-undang Penanaman Modal Asing dan Undang-undang Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri di tahun 1968. Kedua undang-undang ini sangat berpengaruh pada perkembangan perusahaan baru yang menuntut perkembangan profesi di bidang akuntansi.dewasa ini pemerintah sedang melakukan berbagai usaha untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan tenaga akuntan di Indonesia. Pemerintah juga harus ikut berperan dalam penerapan IFRS di Indonesia. Terutama di bidang perpajakan yang berkaitan dengan revaluasi aktiva sebagai konsekuensi dari penerapan fair value. Pemerintah masih memberlakukan pajak final sebesar 10% atas transaksi revaluasi atas aktiva tetap. Dengan fair value, berarti nilai aset dihitung berdasarkan harga pasar. Ini berarti, aset-aset perusahaan akan cenderung mengalami kenaikan dan perusahaan berkewajiban membayar pajak final 10% atas revaluasi aktiva tetap. Mungkinkan perusahaan bersedia membayar pajak final, padahal tidak ada aliran kas masuk yang berarti. Sejak tahun 2004, IAI telah melakukan harmonisasi (konvergensi) antara GAAP dan IFRS untuk mencapai daya saing global. Diharapkan pada tahun ini perbedaan antara GAAP dan IFRS dapat diselesaikan dan IFRS pun dapat diterapkan sepenuhnya.

Introduction to international accounting (Pengantar akuntansi Internasional)

A. MEMAHAMI SIFAT DAN RUANG LINGKUP AKUNTANSI INTERNATIONAL(Understand the nature and scope of international accounting)

Pengertian Akuntansi Internasional menurut Iqbal, Melcher dan Elmallah (1997:18). Mendefinisikan akuntansi internasional sebagai akuntansi untuk transaksi antar negara, pembandingan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi di negara-negara yang berlainan dan harmonisasi standar akuntansi di seluruh dunia. Suatu perusahaan mulai terlibat dengan akuntansi internasional adalah pada saat mendapatkan kesempatan melakukan transaksi ekspor atau impor.Sampai sekarang ini, negara barat masih gencar mempromosikan perlunya harmonisasi standar akuntansi internasional. Tujuan utama upaya tersebut adalah untuk meningkatkan daya banding (comparability) laporan keuangan terutama bagi perusahaan multinasional yang beroperasi di berbagai belahan dunia. Tidak mengherankan jika pihak barat membentuk suatu badan yang dinamakan International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC), yang sekarang berubah namanya menjadi International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Badan ini bertugas menghasilkan standar akuntansi internasional (international Financial Reporting Standards – IFRS).

Meskipun keanggotaan badan tersebut melibatkan negara negara berkembang, negara barat/kapitalis seperti Amerika, Inggris, Kanada dan Australia tetap mendominasi konsep akuntansi dan standar akuntansi yang dihasilkan. Akibatnya, standar akuntansi tersebut umumnya didasari pada konsep ekonomi kapitalis yang kemungkinan bertentangan dengan kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan budaya negara berkembang dan khususnya ada yang bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai Islam.

Pada umumnya Akuntansi Internasional mencakup bahasan sebagai berikut:

  1. Akuntansi keuangan
  • Studi perbandingan standar akuntansi keuangan yang berlaku di manca negara.
  • Standar Akuntansi Internasional (International Accounting Standards).
  • Permasalahan harmonisasi standar akuntansi secara global.

2. Permasalahan Pengukuran dan Pelaporan Akuntansi MNC (Multinational Company)

  • Penjabaran laporan keuangan anak perusahaan yang dilaporkan dalam mata uang asing.
  • Konsolidasi laporan keuangan MNC.
  • Analisis laporan keuangan untuk tujuan evaluasi kinerja MNC.

3. Akuntansi Perpajakan

  • Transfer pricing
  • Perpajakan Internasional

4. Akuntansi Manajemen

  • Kebijakan pembelanjaan kegiatan usaha di luar negeri
  • Analisis investasi di luar negeri
  • Manajemen risiko valuta asing
  • Evaluasi kinerja kegiatan usaha di luar negeri

5. Auditing

  • Studi perbandingan standar audit di manca Negara.
  • Studi perbandingan praktek profesi akuntan publik di manca negara

Ruang lingkup dari Akuntansi Internasional terdiri dari 2 aspek, yaitu :

  1. Akuntansi internasional membahas gambaran standard akuntansi dan praktek akuntansi diberbagai negara di dunia serta membandingkan standar dan praktek akuntansi tersebut pada masing-masing negara yang dibahas.
  2. Transaksi internasional membahas mengenai pelaporan keuangan, penjabaran dan transaksi valas, sistem informasi, penganggaran, system penilaian kerja, perpajakan dan audit internasional. Dalam aspek ini juga termasuk pembahasan akuntansi manajemen untuk bisnis internasional. Jadi dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Akuntansi Internasional yaitu suatu standar sistem informasi Akuntansi Internasional dalam pelaporan keuangan untuk kegiatan-kegiatan bisnis yang melibatkan 2 atau lebih negara serta penerapan praktek-praktek Akuntansi di berbagai negara.


B. Describe accounting issues created by international trade (masalah-masalah akuntansi yang diciptakan oleh perdagangan internasional)(Understand the nature and scope of international accounting)



Adanya isu-isu akuntansi internasional di sebabkan terjadinya transaksi/perdagangan secara internasional. investasi asing langsung (FDI) adalah bagian dari isu-isu akuntansi internasional. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) atau investasi langsung luar negeri, sebuah perusahaan dari satu negara menanamkan modalnya dalam jangka panjang ke sebuah perusahaan di negara lain, perusahaan yang ada di negara asal (biasa disebut ‘home country’) bisa mengendalikan perusahaan yang ada di negara tujuan investasi (biasa disebut ‘host country’) baik sebagian atau seluruhnya. Caranya dengan si penanam modal membeli perusahaan di luar negeri yang sudah ada atau menyediakan modal untuk membangun perusahaan baru di sana atau membeli sahamnya sekurangnya 10%.

Terdapat empat tujuan utama FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) yaitu:
a. Pencari sumber daya,
b. Pencari pasar,
c. Pencari efesiensi dan
d. Pencari asset strategi.

FDI menciptakan dua isu utama:

  • Kebutuhan untuk mengkonversi dari lokal ke US GAAP sejak pencatatan akuntansi biasanya disusun dengan menggunakan GAAP lokal.
  • Kebutuhan untuk menerjemahkan dari mata uang lokal ke dolar AS sejak catatan akuntansi biasanya disusun dengan menggunakan mata uang lokal.

1. ASPEK PERTAMA

  • Akuntansi internasional membahas gambaran standard akuntansi dan praktek akuntansi diberbagai negara di dunia serta membandingkan standard dan praktek akuntansi tersebut pada masing masing negara yang dibahas.

2. ASPEK KEDUA

  • Transaksi internasional membahas mengenai pelaporan keuangan .penjabaran dan transaksi valas ,sistem informasi ,penganggaran ,sistempenilaian kerja ,perpajakan dan audit internasional .dalam aspek ini juga termasuk pembahasan akuntansi manajemen untuk bisnis internasional

C. Explain reasons for, and accounting issues associated with, Foreign Direct Investment (Jelaskan alasan untuk, dan isu-isu akuntansi yang terkait dengan, investasi asing langsung )

Terdapat alasan untuk foreign Investment langsung adalah :

1. Tingkatkan sales dan profits

  • Penjualan internasional mungkin saja satu sumber margin keuntungan lebih tinggi atau laba tambahan melalui penjualan tambahan.

2. Masuk rapidly growing atau emerging markets

  • Investasi langsung yang asing adalah makna untuk meningkatkan suatu tumpuan/kedudukan dalam satu dengan cepat berkembang atau muncul pasar. Objektif terakhir harus meningkatkan penjualan dan laba.

3. Mengurangi costs

  • Sebuah perusahaan kadang-kadang bisa mengurangi biaya menyediakan barang-barang dan layanan ke pelanggan nya melalui investasi langsung yang asing.

4. Amankan domestic markets

  • Untuk melemahkan satu kompetitor internasional potensial dan melindungi pasar domestik nya, satu perusahaan mungkin memasuki pasar rumah kompetitor.

5. Amankan foreign markets

  • Investasi tambahan dalam suatu negara asing adalah kadang-kadang mendorong oleh suatu kebutuhan untuk melindungi pasar itu dari kompetitor lokal.

6. Peroleh technological dan managerial know-how

  • Selain dari pada melakukan riset dan pengembangan di rumah, cara lain untuk memperoleh ‘know-how’ teknologi dan managerial harus menyiapkan satu operasi dekat dengan memimpin kompetitor.

Seperti yang dijelaskan diatas Investasi Asing Langsung dapat menimbulkan isu-isu Akuntansi Internasional. Investasi Asing Langsung ini erat hubungannya dengan penjualan internasional yang merupakan sumber margin keuntungan yang lebih tinggi atau laba tambahan melalui penjualan tambahan. Produk Unik atau keuntungan-keuntungan teknologi dapat menyediakan satu komparatif keuntungan bahwa satu perusahaan berharap untuk memanfaatkan dengan cara mengembangkan penjualan di/dalam mancanegara.


4EB06

Materi : Konsekuensi dan konsisten dengan aturan main yang telah disepakati bersama.

Anggota Kelompok :

1. Abdul rahim sangadji 20208010

2. Adittia Kusumadiyanto 20208039

3. Dedy Setia Putra 20208317

4. Rayhan Kalammullah 20208007

Dari kasus tersebut dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa didalam kementrian keuangan terdapat beberapa oknum yang melakukan kecurangan sehingga pihak kementrian keuangan akan melaporkan oknum tersebut ke pihak KPK untuk diusut dan diselidiki lebih lanjut.

Kecuranga yang dilakukan adalah membantu kasus suap dana percepatan pembangunan infrastruktur daerah, oknum tersebut mendapat sejumlah uang dari penadah bocoran dokumen tender yang akan dijual kepada para kontraktor yang akan mengikuti seleksi tender proyek tersebut.

Dalam kasus ini juga dapat dikatakan bahwa pegawai kementrian keuangan menyalahgunakan jabatan serta kekuasaanya untuk memperkaya diri sendiri karena mereka telah membocorkan dokumen yang seharusnya masih dirahasiakan dan belum boleh di publikasikan ke masyarakat umum.


Tanggung jawab profesi : “Presiden harus tegas menolak pembangunan tersebut. Kalau ada yang masih ngotot, media harus ambil peran maksimal,” tandas cendikiawan muslim Syafii Maarif dalam keterangan pers di Maarif Institut.

Kepentingan publik : Roy tidak terpengaruh oleh sikap fraksi. Bersama inisiator petisi, dia tetap menggalang penolakan pembangunan gedung baru. “kami sepakat untuk itu,” tegasnya. Selain Roy, mereka yang terabung dalam lima penginisiatif petisi tersebut yaitu Teguh Juwarno (Fraksi partai amanat nasional), Edi Prabowo (Fraksi partai gerindra), Budiman Sujadmiko (Fraksi PDI perjuangan), dan Malik (Fraksi partai kebangkitan bangsa). “Kami bertekat memperjuangankan penolakan (pembangunan gedung baru DPR) sampai berhasil,” katanya. Upaya menginisiasi petisi Penolakan Gedung Baru DPR, menurut dia, berangkat dari nuraninya sebagai wakil rakyat yang kini banyak mempersoalkan masalah tersebut. “Ini suara rakyat”, katanya.

Objektivitas : Sementara itu, penolakan oleh sebagian anggota DPR mulai mendapat reaksi dari fraksi. Fraksi Partai Demokrat, misalnya, mempertimbangkan untuk memberi peringatan kepada anggotanya, Roy Suryo. Bersama beberapa anggota dewan dari fraksi lain, Roy menggalang petisi menolak Gedung Baru DPR. Padahal, Fraksi Partai Demoktrat mendukung rencana tersebut.

Perilaku Profesional : Sedianya, rapat konsultasi dilaksanakan pada selasa (5/4). Namun, rapat yang menurut rencana dihadiri oleh seluruh pimpinan DPR itu batal. Penyebabnya, dua pimpinan DPR yakni wakil ketua DPR Priyo Budi Santoso dari Fraksi Golkar dan Annis Matta dari Fraksi Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) absen. Ketidakhadiran mereka membuat rapat tidak kuorum. “Rapat konsultasi pimpinan DPR RI hari ini (kemarin) dibatalkan dan ditunda hingga kamis (7/4), karena tidak semua pimpinan DPR RI hadir,” kata Marzuki. Marzuki menjelaskan, Priyo Budi Santoso izin karena ada pertemuan dengan mantan ketua umum partai golkar Jusuf Kalla, sedangkan Anis Matta tidak memberikan kabar. “Karena pimpinan DPR RI sepakat kolektif kolegial dalam pengambillan keputusan, maka dengan tidak hadirnya dua orang pimpinan, rapat konsultasi pimpinan DPR RI dibatalkan,” kata Marzuki. Marzuki berharap, pada kamis (7/4) mendatang seluruh pimpinan DPR RI bisa hadir, sehingga rapat konsultasi pimpinan DPR RI tidak tertunda lagi. Wakil ketua DPR RI Taufik Kurniawan menambahkan, jika seluruh pimpinan DPR RI hadir pada rapat konsultasi pimpinan, keputusan yang diambil menjadi bulat.

Standar Teknis : Menurut ketua DPR Marzuki Alie, rapat konsultasi pimpinan DPR tidak bisa membatalkan rencana pembangunan gedung baru. Pembangunan senilai Rp. 1,1 Triliun itu hanya bisa dibatalkan oleh rapat paripurna. “rapat kosultasi tidak bisa membtalkan alat kelengkapan, yang bisa batakan rapat paripurna,” kata Marzuki di gedung DPR.

1. Direct : He said, “I go to school every day.”
Indirect : He said (that) he went to school every day.

2. Direct : He said to me, “Where are you going?”
Indirect : He asked me where I was going
3. Direct : He said to me, “What are you doing?
Indirect : He inquired of me what I was doing
4. Direct : he will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : he will tell you that you have done wrongly.
5. Direct : - kusuma says ”The moon every night”
Indirect : - kusuma says that the moon every night
6. Inderect : maya said that he was sorry, she couldn’t help me
Direct : maya said,” I’m sorry, I can’t help you”
7. Direct : rian said, “ I played doll yesterday”
Inderect : rina said that she had played doll the day before
8. Direct : dina said,” I’m watching a movie”
Inderect : Dina said that he was watching a movie
9. Direct : Ani said ‘I want to go to bali next year’.
Indirect : Ani said she went to go to bali next year.
10. Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

What is the TOEFL that? And what's the difference also with the TOEIC?

TOEFL
TOEFL stands for Test of Home as a Foreign Language. This is a test of English as a foreign language. These tests test the ability of a person to the extent to which mastery of English that includes the ability: Listening Comprehension (Comprehension in listening), Structure and Written Exxpression (Structure and expression in writing relating to the Home Grammar or Grammar English (Reading Comprehension (Reading Comprehension), and Writing (Writing).
TOEFL, GRE, SAT and TOEIC is a test products issued by ETS (Educational Testing Service) based in the U.S. and has been operating for more than 40 years.
During this time English language proficiency test product of ETS are most popular in Indonesia is the TOEFL (Test of Home As Foreign Language). However, the TOEFL test is actually designed for academic purposes which is for anyone who wants to continue their studies to the U.S. and North America. During this time, the company in Indonesia, too, put the score TOEFL as employee recruitment requirements.
The use TOEFL scores to the world of work turned out to be less effective. Therefore, there followed a trend of companies that intend to recruit employees to move to the TOEIC (Test of Home for International Communication). ETS TOEIC has been held for 25 years throughout the world. "In Indonesia, the TOEIC test was introduced in 1999," kataJulivan E. Rondonuwu of PT International Test Center, ETS representative in Indonesia.
Benefits of the TOEFL
TOEFL is Bahassa bahasa fluency assessments received by Lebihh than 6,000 institutions. You might think that this is in America / bahasa Kingdom, they actually spread in all the world in 110 countries. Nearly every university in the English-speaking countries like the United States, Britain, Australia, Canada, & New Zealand, use the TOEFL to determine whether the point / non-language speakers of English can be accepted on their programs, receiving scholarships, / enter graduate school .
Another benefit of the TOEFL test proficiency Attas yangg bahasa Another is the fact that there Lebihh than 4,000 testing centers you can use. If you travel, you will save money because the test and can be completed within days.
Finally, this test gives you a benchmark bias your ability to speak bahasa. Score test anonymously, and there are interviews yangg entered as of the process. If you know Bahassa bahasa together well, you'll score with the good, and simple. TOEFL is to benchmark the best of your ability to succeed in college English Software
The ability of any tested in TOEFL test?
There are three parts of the TOEFL test to be done by test participants. The first part is the questions that measure the ability of Listening Comprehension in the number of 50 questions, Structure & Written Expression, 40 questions, and Reading Comprehension, 50 questions. The entire matter was made in the form of multiple choice (except for the Computer Based TOEFL test is a matter of the essay writing ability of participants in English and other variations to match the form of questions such as, to highlight certain words in connection with the main idea of a reading, etc..). The entire test takes place in time approximately 150 minutes, for the Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL, and approximately 240 minutes for the Computer Based TOEFL. A relatively long time for the Computer Based TOEFL tutorials are included procedures.
How many kinds of TOEFL test?
There are two types of TOEFL tests, ie
1) Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL, and
2) Computer-Based TOEFL.
Type the first TOEFL test is the TOEFL test that we know so far, where both questions and answers done by using paper and pencil. While the second type of TOEFL test is a relatively new test model because it was first introduced in 1998. As stated in its name, this test uses a computer in the delivery of and participant test because these tests also will answer via the computer.
In addition to the above two types of tests, whether there are other types of TOEFL test?
For the purposes of pre-selection or internal use of an institution, then the ETS as a developer and provider agency also conducts TOEFL TOEFL ITP (ITP = Institutional Testing Programme). The number of questions and level of difficulty did not differ with ITP TOEFL Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL, because the questions used in the TOEFL ITP TOEFL test is a matter that has been used before. Differences that need to be known by those who plan to follow the TOEFL test is that the score obtained dariTOEFL ITP in its use is limited. Universities and colleges in America, for example, will only accept scores from the TOEFL Paper and Pencil-Based or Computer Based TOEFL. Another difference is in terms of test cost. Currently, the cost of Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL is U.S. $ 110, while the TOEFL ITP is relatively cheaper cost of U.S. $ 25. There should also note that the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL and the Computer Based TOEFL Test Center is only held in particular with the schedule of tests that have been determined in advance, while the TOEFL ITP implementation is more flexible schedule and in Indonesia is conducted by the IIEF (The Indonesian International Education Foundation) with coordinate with the central language in public universities.
In addition to TOEFL ITP, there is also a TOEFL Prediction / Equivalent Test that is usually used to estimate the TOEFL score before the relevant person take another TOEFL test (TOEFL Paper and Pencil-Based, Computer Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP). Type Prediction TOEFL test is generally conducted by the institute / center language or places that hold training courses TOEFL.
Is there a difference in the scoring system based TOEFL Paper and Pencil, Computer Based TOEFL, ITP TOEFL and TOEFL Prediction Test?
True, rating or scoring system used for the Paper and Pencil BasedTOEFL, TOEFL ITP, TOEFL Prediction Test and Computer Based TOEFLmemang different.
This is done of course with the intention to avoid misunderstandings in the interpretation of test scores reported by participants. The range of scores used by the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP, danTOEFL Prediction Test is 310 (lowest score) up to 677 (highest score), whereas for the Computer Based TOEFL, the lowest value is 0 and the highest value of 300 (TOEFL Score User Guide, 2000-2001). About the overall level of difficulty for this type of course the same test, so it can be said those who obtain a score of 677 on the TOEFL Paper and Pencil Based expected to obtain a score of 300 on Computer Based TOEFL, and vice versa if a participant obtained a score of 213 tests in the TOEFL test that uses computer (Computer Based TOEFL), the corresponding score on the Paper and Pencil-Based TOEFL is 550.
How is the relationship of scores obtained by the level of one's mastery of English?
In general, we recognize three levels of mastery of foreign languages, namely Basic Level (Elementary), Intermediate Level (Intermediate) and Advanced (Advanced). TOEFL score, experts typically classify the language of this score into the following four levels (Carson, et al., 1990):
• Elementary Level (Elementary): 310 sd 420
• Lower Secondary Level (Low Intermediate): 420 sd 480
• Secondary Level (High Intermediate): 480 sd 520
• Advanced (Advanced): 525 sd 677
From the classification score above, may arise if the test questions TOEFLdiberikan on American students, for example, whether they will have difficulty working on the TOEFL questions? Studies conducted by Johnson (1977) mentions that the average scores obtained by 173 first and second year students at the University of Tennessee, United States, is 628. That is, for English speakers themselves, the questions TOEFL can be done easily, as evidenced from which they obtained a score at the level of Proficient or Advanced.
By knowing the classification level of mastery of English, as seen above, we can certainly understand why it seems reasonable that universities in countries that use English as its official language, requires a certain TOEFL score for the candidate of their international students. To be accepted in S1, they commonly set score is approximately 475 sd 550, while for S2 and S3 program entry requirements TOEFLnya higher score is around 550 till 600.
Questions are often raised in discussion forums English teachers in Indonesia is what should be the mastery of English a student in Indonesia so they can add to scientific knowledge through reading, written in English? Mastery at the level of Primary (Elementary) would not contribute significantly to the students in Indonesia in terms of efforts to increase knowledge through textbooks / written knowledge in English. Required minimum mastery level of Senior Secondary (High Intermediate) so the students can absorb the course material is written in English with relative ease.
Several universities in Indonesia has set a certain TOEFL score for its students (Huda, 1999). In connection with efforts to improve the quality of college graduates, a regulation requiring college students have a mastery of the TOEFL to a certain extent is expected to have a positive impact and we should support. A good mastery of English are expected to increase the ability to think and work on a global level, the working conditions in the future we need to prepare from now.
TOEIC
TOEIC is the acronym for Test of Home for International Communication. TOEIC test is an English proficiency test for people who native language is not English.TOEIC test scores indicate how well people can communicate in English with others in the global work environment. The test requires no specialized knowledge or vocabulary, these tests only measure the kind of English used in everyday activities.

TOEIC test is a proficiency test in English that's leading the world in the context of the global work environment. More than 4,000 companies around the world use the TOEIC test, and more than 2 million people registered to take this test every year.
TOEIC is a test of English skills for people whose native language is not English. TOEIC test to measure English proficiency for individuals who work in an international environment in their daily life.
Values indicate how well a person can communicate in English with other individuals in business, commerce and industry. This test requires no special knowledge or such a general term that is not contained in the TOEFL test.
Therefore, the TOEIC test material more easily than the TOEFL test as that's a multiple choice test for 2 (two) hours, divided in listening sessions and reading sessions.
Therefore, the TOEIC test is deemed appropriate for employees or staff who use English in their environment such as business, hotels, hospitals, restaurants, international meetings, conferences and sporting events. Similarly, staff management, sales and technical employees in international business, commerce and industry who need English in their work.
TOEIC score starting from the number 400 to 990. There are six levels ie level 0 / 0 + Novice (score 10-250), Level 1 Elementary (score 255-400), level 1 + Intermediate (score 405-600), level 2 Basic Working Proficiency (score 605-780), level 2 + Advance Working Profiency (score 785-900) and level 3 / 3 + General Professional Proficiency (score 905-990).
A prospective regular employees must have a minimum TOEIC score of 400. While a prospective manager should at least have a TOEIC score of 800.
Someone who has a TOEIC score 405-600, for example, in listening to be able to understand explanations related to routine daily tasks, understand the announcements during the trip and mengusai limited social conversations. In this talk could explain kerj responsibility adan academic background as well as a discussion about the project in the past and the future. While in the case of reading still need a dictionary to understand the technical documents. And lastly in terms of writing people who have intermediate level was able to write a short memo, letter of complaint and fill out a simple application form.
What are the contents of the TOEIC test?
TOEIC test is designed to meet the needs of the working world. Test questions are developed from examples of spoken and written language collected from various countries around the world where English is used in the workplace. Test questions and the atmosphere contains many different situations, such as:
• General business - contracts, negotiations, marketing, sales, business planning, conferences.
• Manufacturing - plant management, assembly lines, pengandalian quality.
• Finance and budgeting - banking, investment, taxation, accounting, billing
• Corporate development - research, product development.
• Offices - board meetings, committees, correspondence, memoranda, telephone, fax, and messages e-mail, equipment and office furniture, office procedures.
• Personnel - receiving, hiring, pension, salaries, promotions, job applications, advertising.
• Purchasing - shopping, ordering supplies, deliveries, invoices
• Technical areas - electronics, technology, specifications, buying and renting, electric and gas service.
• Travel - trains, planes, taxis, buses, ships, ferries, tickets, schedules, announcements stations and airports, car rental, hotel, reservations, delays and delays.
• Dining out - business and informal lunches, banquets, receptions, restaurant reservations.
• Entertainment - cinema, theater, music, art, media
• Health-medical insurance, visiting doctors, dentists, clinics and hospitals.

Internet is taking hold in indonesia. And for sure it is happening very fast. It is used by scientists, computer hacker, lawyers, businessmen and other users. For anyone interested in knowing what internet offers, here are some menus :
1. Electronic Mail / E-mail / Messaging
Message / letters sent to the other end of the globe are received in second. You don’t have to pay international direct dialling rates to seng E-mail.
2. Remote Login / Telnet
This facility enable an internet user to use software available on the other computers, wherever they maybe, provided you know the login name and the password too.
3. File Transfer (FTP)
Fetching files, large documents and programs from everywhere must be the most fascinating experiance for many internet users. In just second, you’ve got the files you need.
4. Worid Wide Web (WWW)
You can get access to WWW pages which contain sounds, text, picture, and moving images. Think of WWW as television. There are thousand of pages, not just five channels. There is no censorship and commercials.
5. Archie, Veronica, Jughead, and WAIS (Wide Area Information Server)
Tool for searching the huge libraries of information on the internet.

1.The main idea of the first paragraph is..
a.Explanation about internet in indonesia
b.Internet is happening very past
c.Internet is introduce in indonesia
d.Scientist, lawyers, businessmen and other users

2.“ . . provided, you know the login name . . “ (number 2)
The underlined word in this sentence means..
a.As long as
b.Even though
c.Anyway
d.However

3... the most fascinating experience for many internet user.. (nember 3)
a.Uninteresting
b.Disappointing
c.Attracting
d.Boring

4.World Wide Web (WWW) is..
a.Censorships and commercials
b.Sounds, text, pictures and moving images
c.Five channels of television
d.Pages similar to television channels

5.Internet facilities that allow internet users to use software availableon other computers, provided you know the login name andpassword is ..
a. File Transfer (FTP)
b. Remote Login / Telnet
c. Worid Wide Web (WWW)
d. E-mail

6.Facilities that can be used to berkiriman message / letter even tothe ends of worlds and not have to pay an international direct dialing rates are ..
a. File Transfer (FTP)
b. Remote Login / Telnet
c. Worid Wide Web (WWW)
d. E-mail


Anybody who has ever made the mistake of joining a Friday lunchtime bank queue will understand, why I have been such a fan of phonebanking. Balance checks at midnight, fund transfers at dawn that’s my kind of service. No snaking line, no fumbling teller, no trek to an ATM. But 24-hour telebanking was last century’s news. Since HSBC began offering its new e-banking service to some customer in Hongkong about a month ago, I’ve been going online and loving it.
For my money, netbanking offers all the pluses of banking by phone, with even greater convenience. Forget about pressing all those hash buttons or jotting down confirmation numbers on scraps of paper. This is impersonal banking as it should be fast, easy and fingers crossed, secure.
It lets you do most transactions short of actually withdrawing cash out of your printer. I have been using it to make payments, from the utility bills to my credit card. So long as you are eligible, registering online takes less than five minutes. You can check your balance in a click. Transfers too are a snap, wether to another account (not necessarily your own), another bank, or another country.

7.To queue means to..
a.Save money
b.Join the lunchtime
c.Check the personal computer
d. Stand in line

8.The article talks about..
a.The new way to save money in a bank
b.The credit cards from the banks
c.The new net-banking service
d.Transactions of cash and bills

9.You can check your balance in a click... (the third last line).
The similar meaning with the underline word is..
a.Examine, account
b.Transfers, account
c.Examine, deposite
d.Take, money

10.The writer feels that this new service is..
a.Difficult
b.Slow
c.Boring
d.secure

1. Mother ________ to the market while brother was sleeping at home.
a. go
b. goes
c. going (past countinous tense)
d. go to

2. Next year, I will have ________frou Gunadarma University.
a. graduated (future perfect tense)
b. pass
c. get by
d. get through

3. The sun__________in the east.
a. ris
b. rised (simple present tense)
c. risis
d. rise

4. she has________the exam.
a. finish
b. finishing
c. finiser
d. finished (present perfect tense)


5. Shinta had been________in jogja for five years before she moved to jakarta.
a. live
b. lived
c. living (past perfect continious tense)
d. life

6. I am_______to go to surabaya on sunday.
a. go
b. go to
c. goes
d. going (future tense)

7. Teacher has_______since 2 hours ago.
a. teach
b. teaching (present perfect continious tense)
c. teached
d. taught

8. He will_______when studying diligently.
a. graduate (future tense)
b. graduated
c. get through
d. pass

9. Arta ______ridwan with the rock.
a. cash
b. cas
c. cased
d. cast (simple past tense)

10. Sandy has_______finance report.
a. writte
b. written (present perfect tense)
c. writted
d. writted

11. George Washington _________first U.S. President.
a. was the (simple past tense)
b. became
c. were the
d. are the

12. Dad _____to office every day.
a. goes (simple present tense)
b. go
c. going
d. to go

13. When I come home, my brother was ___________bicycle.
a. wash
b. washing (past continious tense)
c. washed
d. washer

14. We are _______MYOB in laboratorium now.
a. study
b. studyer
c. studyed
d. studying (present continious tense)

15. Gama______a cup of coffea.
a. drink
b. drunk (present perfect tense)
c. drank
d. drenk


16. we was not ready for the test last Monday.
A B C D
B = were (simple past)

17. I was walked down the street when the accident happened.
A B C D
B = walking (past continous, simple past)

18. Tina ware watching tv last night.
A B C D
A = Was (past continous)

19. I would be begining an examination at this time following day.
A B C D
A = Should (past future continous)

20. The conference is quite bored because it is not well organized.
A B C D
C = Boring (simple past tense)

21. How long have you are in Jakarta?
A B C D
D = Been (future tense)

22. America was discovered by columbus in the 15th century.
A B C D
C = Discovering (past continious)

23. Could you brings me a cheeseburger and french fries please?
A B C D
A = Bring (present perfect tense)

24. My mother have cook delicious food for us.
A B C D
B = Cooked (past perfect tense)

25. He is played football with friend’s tomorrow.
A B C D
B = Playing (future tense)



ASEAN Football Championship (ASEAN Football Championship), formerly known as the Tiger Cup (Tiger Cup), is an international football championship between the countries in Southeast Asia. The tournament is organized by the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF).

The name comes from a long championship sponsor is a beer company in Singapore, Tiger Beer. In 2007, the name of this championship into ASEAN Football Championship, and in 2008, changed again into AFF Suzuki Cup.




Aff cup 2010 was a different championship for the Indonesian national team, with new coach Alfred Riedl of Austria this bloody coach made a breakthrough in the national team camp by selecting young players in the new squad GARUDA. In addition, also the national team is the arrival of new players naturalized players who include Christian Gonzalez (first naturalized player of Indonesia) and Irfan Bachdim. This new team pursuit is beyond estimation, while the preliminary round perfect team to collect points by beating Malaysia in the allowance for the first half with the score 1-5, the match that took place at the Bung Karno Stadium on Wednesday (12/01/2010) night WIB, Indonesia direct hit since the first round begins. But Malaysia gave a surprise at 'Team Red, White and' although initially had left the national team 1-0 by Malaysia with a goal created by Norshahrul Idlan However, the benefits of Malaysia did not last long. At minute 21, bait Nasuha swiftly from the left side into the penalty box Malaysia. There Irfan Bachdim there, but hit the foot of the players of Malaysia, Mohamad Asrarudin. Score change 1-1.

Indonesia finally turned excel at minute 33 after the ball at the feet of the players captured by the word Utina Malaysia. Word was immediately gave the ball to Cristian, who after dribbling for a moment, release the left foot shot from outside the penalty box. Scores changed to 2-1, Gol to 3, 4, and 5 respectively printed by M. Ridwan, Arief Suyono, and Irfan Bachdim.

At the Bung Karno stadium on Saturday (12/04/2010) The second match was held between VS INDONESIA LAOS The first goal was created by the word Utina through penalty that began when Cristian Gonzalez dropped in the penalty box when memggiring ball, the Word who served as executor of successful carrying out its duties, 1-0 Indonesia lead. Scored again to Indonesia! Action Ridwan, after use operand Kitsada blunders, bringing Indonesia a 2-0 lead over Laos. In the second half to give Indonesia more incentive to attack and results in minute 49 'Garuda' re breaking nets Laos. Back Word who became printers tally. Score 3-0 increasingly distanced from his guest Indonesia Laos. Indonesia excellence grow to 4-0 at minute 51 and that became pendulangnya is Irfan Bachdim. This was his second goal in this tournament. Ariel Suyono or commonly called 'keceng' became the fifth scorer for the national team goals bait Starting from gastric Word, then there chaos in the penalty box Laos

Hamka kick Bounthisanh can still be ignored, but the ball struck by Ariel Suyono and created the fifth goal of Indonesia. Scored again! Far superior Indonesia Laos 6-0 in the 80th minute with bait breakthrough preceded by Irfan to Okto Maniani and goals Okto Maniani be peutup resistance Laos, Indonesia, Laos marvelous 6-0 landslide.

THIRD MATCH between VS THAILAND INDONESIA Indonesia had mastered the game in the first 10 minutes. But after 1 x 45 minute ad is not a goal that is created. After intermission, Thailand increasingly dominate in the second round. In minute 50, Thailand almost scored when a hard kick hadangan Mark has passed, but was expelled Maman Abdurachman at the mouth of the goal. Return Indonesia carried out the attack but poor finishing made the national team gets 1 point belun else. Thailand successive attacks and finally succeeded in winning when the game entered the 69th minute. Getting feedback Keawsombut head, swift kick to break down the wicket of Mark Suree Sukha. Indonesia 0, Thailand 1.

The entry Arif Suyono replace Okto Maniani after the goal was to make the game more lively Indonesia. Slowly, the team Garuda pressing defense for the visitors. Penalty! In minute 79, Gonzalez dropped by Panupong Wongsa and no doubt the referee pointed to the penalty spot. Before being dropped, sontekan Gonzales welcomes feedback Eka Thailand hit the pole. Bambang Pamungkas a new entry into the field on 58 minutes replacing Irfan Bachdim successfully deceive Hathairattanakool and bring Indonesia evened the score finished 1-1. In minute 86, Indonesia received another penalty kick when the hand Wongsa Arif Suyono. In addition to the penalty, the referee also expelled Wongsa for having received two yellow cards. Bambang is again believed to be the executioner directing the ball into the same corner with his first penalty and scored! Indonesia turned winning 2-1 over Thailand!

At the last minute, Thailand tried to save his chances by playing aggressively. But until the long whistle sounded, no additional goals are created from both camps. And these results force defending champions Thailand lift the suitcase because another dipertandingan Malaysia beat Laos with the score 5-1 and come with Indonesia kebabak semi-final.

After nearly a week off, finally held also SEMI FINAL 1st Leg - Philippine VS INDONESIA Playing under the gaze of about 70 thousand pairs of eyes that most of his own supporters at the Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta, Thursday (16/12/2010), Indonesia is made troublesome by the Philippines. Indonesia tried to take over the game's early minutes but that was occupied by 8 players Philippine naturalization more European class can take over the game so that Indonesia came under pressure. But when the game entered the minutes into 32, Indonesia finally broke the deadlock. Word length Utina bait failed to anticipate Etheridge and Gonzalez forced the kipper Philippines menanduknya and picked up the ball in the net. 1-0 for Indonesia. Philippines almost conceded by the players own actions in minute 39. A ball that fails to master Irfan Ray Jonsson swept aside the left goalpost Etheridge.

In the second half, Indonesia, more of the ball. The entry Arif Suyono replace Okto and Bambang Pamungkas fill the position of Irfan make Indonesia a little more tajam.Di 72 minutes, Bambang get a chance in the penalty box Philippines. But Bepe losing run faster than Etheridge that swiftly out of the nest and hug the ball. Indonesia instead almost conceded in the 75th minute. This time, Mark's failure to catch the ball stomach makes James Younghusband can direct the ball into the goal Indonesia. But lucky Zulkifli Gratitude swiftly ran towards goal and could throw the ball at the goal line with his head. 0-1 score lasted until the long whistle sounded.

SEMI FINAL 2nd Leg - INDONESIA VS Philippine pocketed a 1-0 win in the first leg, did not make Indonesia has adopted the system to survive. Since the whistle is blown kick off the first round of the national team immediately took the initiative to attack, attack launched by Indonesia and continue to the Philippines occasionally behind the attack by relying on the counter attack. Finally, the long-awaited goal also came on 42 minutes to kick players naturalization Cristian Gonzalez goal nets tore the Philippines, although the Philippines had previously held a kick-back horizontal Gonzales but unfortunately the ball back to the leg kick to both Gonzalez and finally to break through the wicket Philippines. Score 1-0 for Indonesia.

Entering the second half of Indonesia and the Philippines remained insistent play, both teams alternated the offensive. Occasionally these attacks threaten the goal Indonesia Philippines which is guarded by Markus. Philippines almost evened the score. Greatwich not terkawal at the far post managed to cross the ball with his head and the skin round thin combing over the crossbar Indonesia.pada 87th minute the ball towards the far post and Greatwich menanduknya try, despite failing the Philippines had to play minus one player after Greatwich received a second yellow card, after breaking Mark in penalty box. Until the long whistle sounded, no goal is created from two sides so that Indonesia certainly qualify to the final trophy aff 2010.

Final 1st Leg AFF 2010 MALAYSIA VS INDONESIA game This is the final round of the series of matches AFF SUZUKI 2010 which was held with the home away. AFF-final 1st leg match SUZUKI 2010 held at the stadium that is the pride of citizens of Malaysia Bukit Jalil stadium. Based on the victory 1-5 in the preliminary round, many people who predicted Indonesia will win the final fight of this first. But an unexpected surprise to the team melaysia GARUDA, as host malaysa directly take over the attack in the early minutes. Okto field calls from Octavian maniani get a yellow card. It is unfortunate because in previous matches Okto had pocketed the first yellow card, so it can not be ascertained Okto strengthen Indonesia in the final 2nd Leg AFF to be held at the Bung Karno stadium on 29. National team that always wins since losing the preliminary round like fangs, and continues to be under pressure. Luckily the players are still able to maintain concentration half-time whistle is blown hinga score remained 0-0.

Entering the second half both teams launched attacks more varied. In the early minutes, Gonzalez had scored, but the goal was disallowed for offside. caused the Malaysian supporters who directs a laser beam into a number of players eyes Indonesia also did not lose a concentration disrupted the national team and in the 54th minute the match was stopped, It is unfortunate, in this great game still tainted by the behavior of the 12 players who are not supportive. Not stopping there, some time after the match was stopped the Malaysian supporters back throwing a tantrum with firecracker blow up in the middle of the field. A few minutes later, the match started. It is unfortunate that, due to the termination of the match could make the national team somewhat disturbed concentration, lack of concentration from the players because Indonesia, Malaysia safee attacker managed to break into the Indonesian goal guarded by markus. Starting from the mistakes that are not perfect Maman in maintaining the ball so that the attacker can steal the ball Sahrul malaysia which is then passed to Safee. Indonesia was lagging behind 1-0. Because the left, coach Alfred Riedl trying to change the composition of players by replacing Yongki with Irfan Bachdim. But again Malaysia with the support of tens of thousands of supporters to defeat the goal of Indonesia through Ashari. Malaysia 2-0 to excellence. In 72 minutes safee who played brilliantly again showed his ability by scoring the third goal for Malaysia. Malaysia 3-0 lead. Coach Alfred Riedl had time to enter Bambang Pamungkas and Arif but can not change the results. Thus, Indonesia should strive desperately to be able to win trophies this year's AFF. Minimal Indonesia had a 3-0 lead in GBK dated 29-12-2010.

Final 2nd Leg AFF 2010 INDONESIA VS MALAYSIA Saturday (29/12/2010) at Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta and the end game is what determines who will record the new history became champions for the first time AFF. GBK stadium filled with 95,000 supporters (a wonderful thing, because the stadium is only a capacity of 90,000 spectators GBK) GBK stadium was flooded by a sea of red which is a supporter of Indonesia. Before the game started, the two teams alternately singing the national anthem of each, while the national anthem INDONESIA RAYA echoed throughout the stadium roared when all the supporters come to sing the national anthem.

Kickoff first round begins, the players immediately shut Indonesian and Malaysian defense to attack repeatedly, several times threatened goalkeeper Malaysia Indonesia attacks result in the 18th minute penalty after Indonesia won a prize by handsball bin Mohd Sabre Mat Abu. Word Utina trusted to accurately execute the ball sending it into the bottom left corner of goal, but unfortunately his shot was too weak so that the goalkeeper Khairul fahmi to tame the ball. The game also continues, but until the first round after scoring for both teams right 0-0.

After resting for several minutes, the second half began, just like in the first round of Indonesia teruz pressing defense guest team repeatedly broken by the assault team fortress GARUDA Malaysia. Unexpected advantage that bilakukan blunder by Maman, Idlan numbered players back 9 is directly providing the long pass towards Moh Safee who ran fast, and kick the First timenya successfully ripped goal guarded by Mark Haris Maulana, GBK Stadium the score 0-1 for Henin Malaysia. Underdeveloped 1 point coach Alfred replace several players, among others, which was replaced by Firman Utina Eka Ramdani and Irfan Bachdim replaced by Bambang Pamungkas. Walawpun after this substitution attack squad was slack but finally M. Nasuhah managed to break Malaysian national team goalkeeper after throwing the ball from the kick utilize Ahmad Bustomi score 1-1. Attacks launched by both teams kept but always can be broken up in the end the movement of M. Ridwan at the last minute to outwit the defense of Malaysia and managed to melesatkan shot toward the goal, creating the second goal although his shot was touched chief defender of Malaysia, a score of 2-1. Until the second half the long whistle sounded, the score 2-1 after last up to become champion and deliver Malaysia AFF Cup 2010, although the match was won by indnesia but Malaysia won by aggregate 2-4 of iondonesia.

Although not managed to become champion, all claims are satisfied and proud supporters watch the national team who played Spartan GARUDA that night and all the spectators in the stadium GBK give a standing applause. Also Firman Utina was also awarded as the best player the MPV or AFF Cup 2010. Stay GARUDAKU spirit of this all is a good start and there are still other occasions, fly as high as possible at any time until we will always support you.



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